Chapter Notes and Summary• A challenge is described as a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge of any form, we go up to a higher level than before.
• India is a largest democratic country in world. It faces a number of challenges like casteism, illiteracy, communalism,
etc.
• Different countries of world are facing different kinds of challenges.
• Most of democratics are facing challenges like foundational challenge, challenge of expansion and challenge of deepening democracy.
• non-democratic countries are facing foundational challenge. This includes phase of changing democracy and establishment of democratic government.
• Challenge of expansion is faced by most of established democracy in world. It includes extention of democratic powers to local government and political empower to women and minorities.
• challenge of deepening democracy is faced by all democratic countries in one and another way. This challenge ensure strengthening democratic institution. It is done in such a way that people would realise their expectation from democracy. It also make ensure to check influence of wealthy and influential people in democratic decision.
• Political reforms are also known as Democratic reforms.
These are suggestions or proposals to overcome various challenges or difficulties to democracy.
• Legal ways or changes to reform or to overcome different challenges/difficulties faced by democratic government are called legal constitutional changes.
• Right To Information (RTI) Act enables people to know what is happening in government.
• In democratic countries, implementation of democratic reform is must, because without implementation of reforms no success can be made.
• bureaucracy refers to rules of officials. term refers to organisations, officials and set of procedures related to large administrative set up.
• Communalism refers to encouraging idea of any one particular religion with a sense to divide society on basis of religion.
• Regionalismis an ideology, by which citizens or a group of people belonging to one particular region believe that their region is being neglected by government and other authorities and it should be developed. For a balance regional growth, government should give equal preference to all regions,
otherwise it will cause serious problem to national unity.